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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> 利用Scrapy爬取知乎用户详细信息并存至MongoDB </h1>
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                <p>本节分享一下爬取知乎用户信息的Scrapy爬虫实战。</p>
                <h2 id="本节目标"><a href="#本节目标" class="headerlink" title="本节目标"></a>本节目标</h2>
                <p>本节要实现的内容有：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>从一个大V用户开始，通过递归抓取粉丝列表和关注列表，实现知乎所有用户的详细信息的抓取。</li>
                  <li>将抓取到的结果存储到MongoDB，并进行去重操作。</li>
                </ul>
                <h2 id="思路分析"><a href="#思路分析" class="headerlink" title="思路分析"></a>思路分析</h2>
                <p>我们都知道每个人都有关注列表和粉丝列表，尤其对于大V来说，粉丝和关注尤其更多。 如果我们从一个大V开始，首先可以获取他的个人信息，然后我们获取他的粉丝列表和关注列表，然后遍历列表中的每一个用户，进一步抓取每一个用户的信息还有他们各自的粉丝列表和关注列表，然后再进一步遍历获取到的列表中的每一个用户，进一步抓取他们的信息和关注粉丝列表，循环往复，不断递归，这样就可以做到一爬百，百爬万，万爬百万，通过社交关系自然形成了一个爬取网，这样就可以爬到所有的用户信息了。当然零粉丝零关注的用户就忽略他们吧～ 爬取的信息怎样来获得呢？不用担心，通过分析知乎的请求就可以得到相关接口，通过请求接口就可以拿到用户详细信息和粉丝、关注列表了。 接下来我们开始实战爬取。</p>
                <h2 id="环境需求"><a href="#环境需求" class="headerlink" title="环境需求"></a>环境需求</h2>
                <h3 id="Python3"><a href="#Python3" class="headerlink" title="Python3"></a>Python3</h3>
                <p>本项目使用的Python版本是Python3，项目开始之前请确保你已经安装了Python3。</p>
                <h3 id="Scrapy"><a href="#Scrapy" class="headerlink" title="Scrapy"></a>Scrapy</h3>
                <p>Scrapy是一个强大的爬虫框架，安装方式如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight cmake">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pip3 <span class="keyword">install</span> scrapy</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="MongoDB"><a href="#MongoDB" class="headerlink" title="MongoDB"></a>MongoDB</h3>
                <p>非关系型数据库，项目开始之前请先安装好MongoDB并启动服务。</p>
                <h3 id="PyMongo"><a href="#PyMongo" class="headerlink" title="PyMongo"></a>PyMongo</h3>
                <p>Python的MongoDB连接库，安装方式如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight cmake">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pip3 <span class="keyword">install</span> pymongo</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h2 id="创建项目"><a href="#创建项目" class="headerlink" title="创建项目"></a>创建项目</h2>
                <p>安装好以上环境之后，我们便可以开始我们的项目了。 在项目开始之首先我们用命令行创建一个项目：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ebnf">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attribute">scrapy startproject zhihuuser</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h2 id="创建爬虫"><a href="#创建爬虫" class="headerlink" title="创建爬虫"></a>创建爬虫</h2>
                <p>接下来我们需要创建一个spider，同样利用命令行，不过这次命令行需要进入到项目里运行。</p>
                <figure class="highlight css">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">cd</span> <span class="selector-tag">zhihuuser</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">scrapy</span> <span class="selector-tag">genspider</span> <span class="selector-tag">zhihu</span> <span class="selector-tag">www</span><span class="selector-class">.zhihu</span><span class="selector-class">.com</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h2 id="禁止ROBOTSTXT-OBEY"><a href="#禁止ROBOTSTXT-OBEY" class="headerlink" title="禁止ROBOTSTXT_OBEY"></a>禁止ROBOTSTXT_OBEY</h2>
                <p>接下来你需要打开settings.py文件，将ROBOTSTXT_OBEY修改为False。</p>
                <figure class="highlight ini">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">ROBOTSTXT_OBEY</span> = <span class="literal">False</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>它默认为True，就是要遵守robots.txt 的规则，那么 robots.txt 是个什么东西呢？ 通俗来说， robots.txt 是遵循 Robot 协议的一个文件，它保存在网站的服务器中，它的作用是，告诉搜索引擎爬虫，本网站哪些目录下的网页 不希望 你进行爬取收录。在Scrapy启动后，会在第一时间访问网站的 robots.txt 文件，然后决定该网站的爬取范围。 当然，我们并不是在做搜索引擎，而且在某些情况下我们想要获取的内容恰恰是被 robots.txt 所禁止访问的。所以，某些时候，我们就要将此配置项设置为 False ，拒绝遵守 Robot协议 ！ 所以在这里设置为False。当然可能本次爬取不一定会被它限制，但是我们一般来说会首先选择禁止它。</p>
                <h2 id="尝试最初的爬取"><a href="#尝试最初的爬取" class="headerlink" title="尝试最初的爬取"></a>尝试最初的爬取</h2>
                <p>接下来我们什么代码也不修改，执行爬取，运行如下命令：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ebnf">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attribute">scrapy crawl zhihu</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>你会发现爬取结果会出现这样的一个错误：</p>
                <figure class="highlight basic">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="symbol">500 </span>Internal Server <span class="keyword">Error</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>访问知乎得到的状态码是500，这说明爬取并没有成功，其实这是因为我们没有加入请求头，知乎识别User-Agent发现不是浏览器，就返回错误的响应了。 所以接下来的一步我们需要加入请求headers信息，你可以在Request的参数里加，也可以在spider里面的custom_settings里面加，当然最简单的方法莫过于在全局settings里面加了。 我们打开settings.py文件，取消DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS的注释，加入如下的内容：</p>
                <figure class="highlight 1c">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/56.0.<span class="number">2924.87</span> Safari/537.36'</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这个是为你的请求添加请求头，如果你没有设置headers的话，它就会使用这个请求头请求，添加了User-Agent信息，所以这样我们的爬虫就可以伪装浏览器了。 接下来重新运行爬虫。</p>
                <figure class="highlight ebnf">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attribute">scrapy crawl zhihu</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这时你就会发现得到的返回状态码就正常了。 解决了这个问题，我们接下来就可以分析页面逻辑来正式实现爬虫了。</p>
                <h2 id="爬取流程"><a href="#爬取流程" class="headerlink" title="爬取流程"></a>爬取流程</h2>
                <p>接下来我们需要先探寻获取用户详细信息和获取关注列表的接口。 回到网页，打开浏览器的控制台，切换到Network监听模式。 我们首先要做的是寻找一个大V，以轮子哥为例吧，它的个人信息页面网址是：<a href="https://www.zhihu.com/people/excited-vczh" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.zhihu.com/people/excited-vczh</a> 首先打开轮子哥的首页 <img src="https://ww4.sinaimg.cn/large/006tKfTcly1femrd0w9qwj31kw145n1v.jpg" alt=""> 我们可以看到这里就是他的一些基本信息，我们需要抓取的就是这些，比如名字、签名、职业、关注数、赞同数等等。 接下来我们需要探索一下关注列表接口在哪里，我们点击关注选项卡，然后下拉，点击翻页，我们会在下面的请求中发现出现了 followees开头的Ajax请求。这个就是获取关注列表的接口。 <img src="https://ww1.sinaimg.cn/large/006tKfTcly1femrhdtpkoj31kw0y7jw5.jpg" alt=""> 我们观察一下这个请求结构 <img src="https://ww3.sinaimg.cn/large/006tKfTcly1femrk47kt9j31ho0sejwx.jpg" alt=""> 首先它是一个Get类型的请求，请求的URL是<a href="https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/excited-vczh/followees" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/excited-vczh/followees</a>，后面跟了三个参数，一个是include，一个是offset，一个是limit。 观察后可以发现，include是一些获取关注的人的基本信息的查询参数，包括回答数、文章数等等。 offset是偏移量，我们现在分析的是第3页的关注列表内容，offset当前为40。 limit为每一页的数量，这里是20，所以结合上面的offset可以推断，当offset为0时，获取到的是第一页关注列表，当offset为20时，获取到的是第二页关注列表，依次类推。 然后接下来看下返回结果： <img src="https://ww3.sinaimg.cn/large/006tKfTcly1femrpgchhpj31ec0ss0wb.jpg" alt=""> 可以看到有data和paging两个字段，data就是数据，包含20个内容，这些就是用户的基本信息，也就是关注列表的用户信息。 paging里面又有几个字段，is_end表示当前翻页是否结束，next是下一页的链接，所以在判读分页的时候，我们可以先利用is_end判断翻页是否结束，然后再获取next链接，请求下一页。 这样我们的关注列表就可以通过接口获取到了。 接下来我们再看下用户详情接口在哪里，我们将鼠标放到关注列表任意一个头像上面，观察下网络请求，可以发现又会出现一个Ajax请求。 <img src="https://ww3.sinaimg.cn/large/006tKfTcly1femrumazrij31kw0zjk1e.jpg" alt=""> 可以看到这次的请求链接为<a href="https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/lu-jun-ya-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/lu-jun-ya-1</a> 后面又一个参数include，include是一些查询参数，与刚才的接口类似，不过这次参数非常全，几乎可以把所有详情获取下来，另外接口的最后是加了用户的用户名，这个其实是url_token，上面的那个接口其实也是，在返回数据中是可以获得的。 <img src="https://ww4.sinaimg.cn/large/006tKfTcly1femrxhb8ptj313w0qy76m.jpg" alt=""> 所以综上所述：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>要获取用户的关注列表，我们需要请求类似 <a href="https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/%7Buser%7D/followees?include={include}&amp;offset={offset}&amp;limit={limit}" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/{user}/followees?include={include}&amp;offset={offset}&amp;limit={limit}</a> 这样的接口，其中user就是该用户的url_token，include是固定的查询参数，offset是分页偏移量，limit是一页取多少个。</li>
                  <li>要获取用户的详细信息，我们需要请求类似 <a href="https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/%7Buser%7D?include={include}" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/{user}?include={include}</a> 这样的接口，其中user就是该用户的url_token，include是查询参数。</li>
                </ul>
                <p>理清了如上接口逻辑后，我们就可以开始构造请求了。</p>
                <h2 id="生成第一步请求"><a href="#生成第一步请求" class="headerlink" title="生成第一步请求"></a>生成第一步请求</h2>
                <p>接下来我们要做的第一步当然是请求轮子哥的基本信息，然后获取轮子哥的关注列表了，我们首先构造一个格式化的url，将一些可变参数提取出来，然后需要重写start_requests方法，生成第一步的请求，接下来我们还需要根据获取到到关注列表做进一步的分析。</p>
                <figure class="highlight reasonml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import json</span><br><span class="line">from scrapy import Spider, Request</span><br><span class="line">from zhihuuser.items import UserItem</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="constructor">ZhihuSpider(Spider)</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    name = <span class="string">"zhihu"</span></span><br><span class="line">    allowed_domains = <span class="literal">["<span class="identifier">www</span>.<span class="identifier">zhihu</span>.<span class="identifier">com</span>"]</span></span><br><span class="line">    user_url = 'https:<span class="comment">//www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/&#123;user&#125;?include=&#123;include&#125;'</span></span><br><span class="line">    follows_url = 'https:<span class="comment">//www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/&#123;user&#125;/followees?include=&#123;include&#125;&amp;amp;offset=&#123;offset&#125;&amp;amp;limit=&#123;limit&#125;'</span></span><br><span class="line">    start_user = 'excited-vczh'</span><br><span class="line">    user_query = 'locations,employments,gender,educations,business,voteup_count,thanked_Count,follower_count,following_count,cover_url,following_topic_count,following_question_count,following_favlists_count,following_columns_count,answer_count,articles_count,pins_count,question_count,commercial_question_count,favorite_count,favorited_count,logs_count,marked_answers_count,marked_answers_text,message_thread_token,account_status,is_active,is_force_renamed,is_bind_sina,sina_weibo_url,sina_weibo_name,show_sina_weibo,is_blocking,is_blocked,is_following,is_followed,mutual_followees_count,vote_to_count,vote_from_count,thank_to_count,thank_from_count,thanked_count,description,hosted_live_count,participated_live_count,allow_message,industry_category,org_name,org_homepage,badge<span class="literal">[?(<span class="identifier">type</span>=<span class="identifier">best_answerer</span>)]</span>.topics'</span><br><span class="line">    follows_query = 'data<span class="literal">[<span class="operator">*</span>]</span>.answer_count,articles_count,gender,follower_count,is_followed,is_following,badge<span class="literal">[?(<span class="identifier">type</span>=<span class="identifier">best_answerer</span>)]</span>.topics'</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def start<span class="constructor">_requests(<span class="params">self</span>)</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        yield <span class="constructor">Request(<span class="params">self</span>.<span class="params">user_url</span>.<span class="params">format</span>(<span class="params">user</span>=<span class="params">self</span>.<span class="params">start_user</span>, <span class="params">include</span>=<span class="params">self</span>.<span class="params">user_query</span>)</span>, self.parse_user)</span><br><span class="line">        yield <span class="constructor">Request(<span class="params">self</span>.<span class="params">follows_url</span>.<span class="params">format</span>(<span class="params">user</span>=<span class="params">self</span>.<span class="params">start_user</span>, <span class="params">include</span>=<span class="params">self</span>.<span class="params">follows_query</span>, <span class="params">limit</span>=20, <span class="params">offset</span>=0)</span>,</span><br><span class="line">                      self.parse_follows)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>然后我们实现一下两个解析方法parse_user和parse_follows。</p>
                <figure class="highlight ruby">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">parse_user</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">self</span>, response)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(response.text)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">parse_follows</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">self</span>, response)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(response.text)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>最简单的实现他们的结果输出即可，然后运行观察结果。</p>
                <figure class="highlight ebnf">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attribute">scrapy crawl zhihu</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这时你会发现出现了</p>
                <figure class="highlight basic">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="symbol">401 </span>HTTP status code is <span class="keyword">not</span> handled <span class="keyword">or</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> allowed</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>访问被禁止了，这时我们观察下浏览器请求，发现它相比之前的请求多了一个OAuth请求头。 <img src="https://ww3.sinaimg.cn/large/006tKfTcly1femsckhmbxj30zy0qsaem.jpg" alt=""></p>
                <h2 id="OAuth"><a href="#OAuth" class="headerlink" title="OAuth"></a>OAuth</h2>
                <p>它是Open Authorization的缩写。 OAUTH_token:OAUTH进行到最后一步得到的一个“令牌”，通过此“令牌”请求，就可以去拥有资源的网站抓取任意有权限可以被抓取的资源。 在这里我知乎并没有登陆，这里的OAuth值是</p>
                <figure class="highlight llvm">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">oauth <span class="keyword">c</span><span class="number">3</span>cef<span class="number">7</span><span class="keyword">c</span><span class="number">66</span>a<span class="number">1843</span>f<span class="number">8</span>b<span class="number">3</span>a<span class="number">9e6</span>a<span class="number">1e3160</span>e<span class="number">20</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>经过我长久的观察，这个一直不会改变，所以可以长久使用，我们将它配置到DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS里，这样它就变成了：</p>
                <figure class="highlight 1c">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/56.0.<span class="number">2924.87</span> Safari/537.36',</span><br><span class="line">    'authorization': 'oauth c3cef7c66a<span class="number">1843</span>f8b3a9e6a1e<span class="number">3160</span>e20',</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>接下来如果我们重新运行爬虫，就可以发现可以正常爬取了。</p>
                <h2 id="parse-user"><a href="#parse-user" class="headerlink" title="parse_user"></a>parse_user</h2>
                <p>接下来我们处理一下用户基本信息，首先我们查看一下接口信息会返回一些什么数据。 <img src="https://ww3.sinaimg.cn/large/006tKfTcly1femsgc32lzj31900r241a.jpg" alt=""> 可以看到返回的结果非常全，在这里我们直接声明一个Item全保存下就好了。 在items里新声明一个UserItem</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> scrapy <span class="keyword">import</span> Item, Field</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="symbol">UserItem</span>(<span class="symbol">Item</span>):</span><br><span class="line">    # <span class="symbol">define</span> <span class="symbol">the</span> <span class="symbol">fields</span> <span class="symbol">for</span> <span class="symbol">your</span> <span class="symbol">item</span> <span class="symbol">here</span> <span class="symbol">like:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">id</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">name</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">avatar_url</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">headline</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">description</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">url</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">url_token</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">gender</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">cover_url</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">type</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">badge</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">answer_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">articles_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">commercial_question_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">favorite_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">favorited_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">follower_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">following_columns_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">following_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">pins_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">question_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">thank_from_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">thank_to_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">thanked_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">vote_from_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">vote_to_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">voteup_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">following_favlists_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">following_question_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">following_topic_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">marked_answers_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">mutual_followees_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">hosted_live_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">participated_live_count</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">locations</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">educations</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="symbol">employments</span> = <span class="symbol">Field</span>()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>所以在解析方法里面我们解析得到的response内容，然后转为json对象，然后依次判断字段是否存在，赋值就好了。</p>
                <figure class="highlight livecodeserver">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">result</span> = json.loads(response.<span class="keyword">text</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">item</span> = UserItem()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> field <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="keyword">item</span>.fields:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> field <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="built_in">result</span>.<span class="built_in">keys</span>():</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">item</span>[field] = <span class="built_in">result</span>.<span class="built_in">get</span>(field)</span><br><span class="line">yield <span class="keyword">item</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>得到item后通过yield返回就好了。 这样保存用户基本信息就完成了。 接下来我们还需要在这里获取这个用户的关注列表，所以我们需要再重新发起一个获取关注列表的request 在parse_user后面再添加如下代码：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">yield Request(</span><br><span class="line">            self.follows_url.format(<span class="attribute">user</span>=result.get('url_token'), <span class="attribute">include</span>=self.follows_query, <span class="attribute">limit</span>=20, <span class="attribute">offset</span>=0),</span><br><span class="line">            self.parse_follows)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样我们又生成了获取该用户关注列表的请求。</p>
                <h2 id="parse-follows"><a href="#parse-follows" class="headerlink" title="parse_follows"></a>parse_follows</h2>
                <p>接下来我们处理一下关注列表，首先也是解析response的文本，然后要做两件事：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>通过关注列表的每一个用户，对每一个用户发起请求，获取其详细信息。</li>
                  <li>处理分页，判断paging内容，获取下一页关注列表。</li>
                </ul>
                <p>所以在这里将parse_follows改写如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">results = json.loads(response.text)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="string">'data'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> results.keys():</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> result <span class="keyword">in</span> results.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'data'</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        yield Request(self.user_url.format(<span class="attribute">user</span>=result.get('url_token'), <span class="attribute">include</span>=self.user_query),</span><br><span class="line">                      self.parse_user)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="string">'paging'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> results.keys() <span class="keyword">and</span> results.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'paging'</span>).<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'is_end'</span>) == <span class="literal">False</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    next_page = results.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'paging'</span>).<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'next'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    yield Request(next_page,</span><br><span class="line">                  self.parse_follows)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样，整体代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ruby">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line">import json</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">from scrapy import Spider, Request</span><br><span class="line">from zhihuuser.items import UserItem</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">ZhihuSpider</span>(<span class="title">Spider</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line">    name = <span class="string">"zhihu"</span></span><br><span class="line">    allowed_domains = [<span class="string">"www.zhihu.com"</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    user_url = <span class="string">'https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/&#123;user&#125;?include=&#123;include&#125;'</span></span><br><span class="line">    follows_url = <span class="string">'https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/&#123;user&#125;/followees?include=&#123;include&#125;&amp;amp;offset=&#123;offset&#125;&amp;amp;limit=&#123;limit&#125;'</span></span><br><span class="line">    start_user = <span class="string">'excited-vczh'</span></span><br><span class="line">    user_query = <span class="string">'locations,employments,gender,educations,business,voteup_count,thanked_Count,follower_count,following_count,cover_url,following_topic_count,following_question_count,following_favlists_count,following_columns_count,answer_count,articles_count,pins_count,question_count,commercial_question_count,favorite_count,favorited_count,logs_count,marked_answers_count,marked_answers_text,message_thread_token,account_status,is_active,is_force_renamed,is_bind_sina,sina_weibo_url,sina_weibo_name,show_sina_weibo,is_blocking,is_blocked,is_following,is_followed,mutual_followees_count,vote_to_count,vote_from_count,thank_to_count,thank_from_count,thanked_count,description,hosted_live_count,participated_live_count,allow_message,industry_category,org_name,org_homepage,badge[?(type=best_answerer)].topics'</span></span><br><span class="line">    follows_query = <span class="string">'data[*].answer_count,articles_count,gender,follower_count,is_followed,is_following,badge[?(type=best_answerer)].topics'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">start_requests</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">self</span>)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> Request(<span class="keyword">self</span>.user_url.format(user=<span class="keyword">self</span>.start_user, <span class="keyword">include</span>=<span class="keyword">self</span>.user_query), <span class="keyword">self</span>.parse_user)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> Request(<span class="keyword">self</span>.follows_url.format(user=<span class="keyword">self</span>.start_user, <span class="keyword">include</span>=<span class="keyword">self</span>.follows_query, limit=<span class="number">20</span>, offset=<span class="number">0</span>),</span><br><span class="line">                      <span class="keyword">self</span>.parse_follows)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">parse_user</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">self</span>, response)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">        result = json.loads(response.text)</span><br><span class="line">        item = UserItem()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">for</span> field <span class="keyword">in</span> item.<span class="symbol">fields:</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> field <span class="keyword">in</span> result.keys()<span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">                item[field] = result.get(field)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> item</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> Request(</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">self</span>.follows_url.format(user=result.get(<span class="string">'url_token'</span>), <span class="keyword">include</span>=<span class="keyword">self</span>.follows_query, limit=<span class="number">20</span>, offset=<span class="number">0</span>),</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">self</span>.parse_follows)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">parse_follows</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">self</span>, response)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">        results = json.loads(response.text)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="string">'data'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> results.keys()<span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">for</span> result <span class="keyword">in</span> results.get(<span class="string">'data'</span>)<span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">yield</span> Request(<span class="keyword">self</span>.user_url.format(user=result.get(<span class="string">'url_token'</span>), <span class="keyword">include</span>=<span class="keyword">self</span>.user_query),</span><br><span class="line">                              <span class="keyword">self</span>.parse_user)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="string">'paging'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> results.keys() <span class="keyword">and</span> results.get(<span class="string">'paging'</span>).get(<span class="string">'is_end'</span>) == <span class="symbol">False:</span></span><br><span class="line">            next_page = results.get(<span class="string">'paging'</span>).get(<span class="string">'next'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">yield</span> Request(next_page,</span><br><span class="line">                          <span class="keyword">self</span>.parse_follows)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样我们就完成了获取用户基本信息，然后递归获取关注列表进一步请求了。 重新运行爬虫，可以发现当前已经可以实现循环递归爬取了。</p>
                <h2 id="followers"><a href="#followers" class="headerlink" title="followers"></a>followers</h2>
                <p>上面我们实现了通过获取关注列表实现爬取循环，那这里少不了的还有粉丝列表，经过分析后发现粉丝列表的api也类似，只不过把followee换成了follower，其他的完全相同，所以我们按照同样的逻辑添加followers相关信息， 最终spider代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line">import json</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> scrapy import Spider, Request</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> zhihuuser.items import UserItem</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">class ZhihuSpider(Spider):</span><br><span class="line">    name = <span class="string">"zhihu"</span></span><br><span class="line">    allowed_domains = [<span class="string">"www.zhihu.com"</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    user_url = <span class="string">'https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/&#123;user&#125;?include=&#123;include&#125;'</span></span><br><span class="line">    follows_url = <span class="string">'https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/&#123;user&#125;/followees?include=&#123;include&#125;&amp;offset=&#123;offset&#125;&amp;limit=&#123;limit&#125;'</span></span><br><span class="line">    followers_url = <span class="string">'https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/&#123;user&#125;/followers?include=&#123;include&#125;&amp;offset=&#123;offset&#125;&amp;limit=&#123;limit&#125;'</span></span><br><span class="line">    start_user = <span class="string">'tianshansoft'</span></span><br><span class="line">    user_query = <span class="string">'locations,employments,gender,educations,business,voteup_count,thanked_Count,follower_count,following_count,cover_url,following_topic_count,following_question_count,following_favlists_count,following_columns_count,answer_count,articles_count,pins_count,question_count,commercial_question_count,favorite_count,favorited_count,logs_count,marked_answers_count,marked_answers_text,message_thread_token,account_status,is_active,is_force_renamed,is_bind_sina,sina_weibo_url,sina_weibo_name,show_sina_weibo,is_blocking,is_blocked,is_following,is_followed,mutual_followees_count,vote_to_count,vote_from_count,thank_to_count,thank_from_count,thanked_count,description,hosted_live_count,participated_live_count,allow_message,industry_category,org_name,org_homepage,badge[?(type=best_answerer)].topics'</span></span><br><span class="line">    follows_query = <span class="string">'data[*].answer_count,articles_count,gender,follower_count,is_followed,is_following,badge[?(type=best_answerer)].topics'</span></span><br><span class="line">    followers_query = <span class="string">'data[*].answer_count,articles_count,gender,follower_count,is_followed,is_following,badge[?(type=best_answerer)].topics'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def start_requests(self):</span><br><span class="line">        yield Request(self.user_url.format(<span class="attribute">user</span>=self.start_user, <span class="attribute">include</span>=self.user_query), self.parse_user)</span><br><span class="line">        yield Request(self.follows_url.format(<span class="attribute">user</span>=self.start_user, <span class="attribute">include</span>=self.follows_query, <span class="attribute">limit</span>=20, <span class="attribute">offset</span>=0),</span><br><span class="line">                      self.parse_follows)</span><br><span class="line">        yield Request(self.followers_url.format(<span class="attribute">user</span>=self.start_user, <span class="attribute">include</span>=self.followers_query, <span class="attribute">limit</span>=20, <span class="attribute">offset</span>=0),</span><br><span class="line">                      self.parse_followers)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def parse_user(self, response):</span><br><span class="line">        result = json.loads(response.text)</span><br><span class="line">        item = UserItem()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">for</span> field <span class="keyword">in</span> item.fields:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> field <span class="keyword">in</span> result.keys():</span><br><span class="line">                item[field] = result.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(field)</span><br><span class="line">        yield item</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        yield Request(</span><br><span class="line">            self.follows_url.format(<span class="attribute">user</span>=result.get('url_token'), <span class="attribute">include</span>=self.follows_query, <span class="attribute">limit</span>=20, <span class="attribute">offset</span>=0),</span><br><span class="line">            self.parse_follows)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        yield Request(</span><br><span class="line">            self.followers_url.format(<span class="attribute">user</span>=result.get('url_token'), <span class="attribute">include</span>=self.followers_query, <span class="attribute">limit</span>=20, <span class="attribute">offset</span>=0),</span><br><span class="line">            self.parse_followers)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def parse_follows(self, response):</span><br><span class="line">        results = json.loads(response.text)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="string">'data'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> results.keys():</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">for</span> result <span class="keyword">in</span> results.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'data'</span>):</span><br><span class="line">                yield Request(self.user_url.format(<span class="attribute">user</span>=result.get('url_token'), <span class="attribute">include</span>=self.user_query),</span><br><span class="line">                              self.parse_user)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="string">'paging'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> results.keys() <span class="keyword">and</span> results.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'paging'</span>).<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'is_end'</span>) == <span class="literal">False</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            next_page = results.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'paging'</span>).<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'next'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            yield Request(next_page,</span><br><span class="line">                          self.parse_follows)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def parse_followers(self, response):</span><br><span class="line">        results = json.loads(response.text)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="string">'data'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> results.keys():</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">for</span> result <span class="keyword">in</span> results.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'data'</span>):</span><br><span class="line">                yield Request(self.user_url.format(<span class="attribute">user</span>=result.get('url_token'), <span class="attribute">include</span>=self.user_query),</span><br><span class="line">                              self.parse_user)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="string">'paging'</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> results.keys() <span class="keyword">and</span> results.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'paging'</span>).<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'is_end'</span>) == <span class="literal">False</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            next_page = results.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'paging'</span>).<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'next'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            yield Request(next_page,</span><br><span class="line">                          self.parse_followers)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>需要改变的位置有</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>start_requests里面添加yield followers信息</li>
                  <li>parse_user里面里面添加yield followers信息</li>
                  <li>parse_followers做相应的的抓取详情请求和翻页。</li>
                </ul>
                <p>如此一来，spider就完成了，这样我们就可以实现通过社交网络递归的爬取，把用户详情都爬下来。</p>
                <h2 id="小结"><a href="#小结" class="headerlink" title="小结"></a>小结</h2>
                <p>通过以上的spider，我们实现了如上逻辑：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>start_requests方法，实现了第一个大V用户的详细信息请求还有他的粉丝和关注列表请求。</li>
                  <li>parse_user方法，实现了详细信息的提取和粉丝关注列表的获取。</li>
                  <li>paese_follows，实现了通过关注列表重新请求用户并进行翻页的功能。</li>
                  <li>paese_followers，实现了通过粉丝列表重新请求用户并进行翻页的功能。</li>
                </ul>
                <h2 id="加入pipeline"><a href="#加入pipeline" class="headerlink" title="加入pipeline"></a>加入pipeline</h2>
                <p>在这里数据库存储使用MongoDB，所以在这里我们需要借助于Item Pipeline，实现如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ruby">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">MongoPipeline</span>(<span class="title">object</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line">    collection_name = <span class="string">'users'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">self</span>, mongo_uri, mongo_db)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">self</span>.mongo_uri = mongo_uri</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">self</span>.mongo_db = mongo_db</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    @classmethod</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">from_crawler</span><span class="params">(cls, crawler)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> cls(</span><br><span class="line">            mongo_uri=crawler.settings.get(<span class="string">'MONGO_URI'</span>),</span><br><span class="line">            mongo_db=crawler.settings.get(<span class="string">'MONGO_DATABASE'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        )</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">open_spider</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">self</span>, spider)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">self</span>.client = pymongo.MongoClient(<span class="keyword">self</span>.mongo_uri)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">self</span>.db = <span class="keyword">self</span>.client[<span class="keyword">self</span>.mongo_db]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">close_spider</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">self</span>, spider)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">self</span>.client.close()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">process_item</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">self</span>, item, spider)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">self</span>.db[<span class="keyword">self</span>.collection_name].update(&#123;<span class="string">'url_token'</span>: item[<span class="string">'url_token'</span>]&#125;, &#123;<span class="string">'$set'</span>: dict(item)&#125;, True)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> item</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>比较重要的一点就在于process_item，在这里使用了update方法，第一个参数传入查询条件，这里使用的是url_token，第二个参数传入字典类型的对象，就是我们的item，第三个参数传入True，这样就可以保证，如果查询数据存在的话就更新，不存在的话就插入。这样就可以保证去重了。 另外记得开启一下Item Pileline</p>
                <figure class="highlight ebnf">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attribute">ITEM_PIPELINES</span> = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'zhihuuser.pipelines.MongoPipeline'</span>: 300,</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>然后重新运行爬虫</p>
                <figure class="highlight ebnf">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attribute">scrapy crawl zhihu</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样就可以发现正常的输出了，会一直不停地运行，用户也一个个被保存到数据库。 <img src="https://ww3.sinaimg.cn/large/006tKfTcly1femt2bisibj31kw0qa7fr.jpg" alt=""> 看下MongoDB，里面我们爬取的用户详情结果。 <img src="https://ww4.sinaimg.cn/large/006tKfTcgy1femtnv605cj31kw134guj.jpg" alt=""> 到现在为止，整个爬虫就基本完结了，我们主要通过递归的方式实现了这个逻辑。存储结果也通过适当的方法实现了去重。</p>
                <h2 id="更高效率"><a href="#更高效率" class="headerlink" title="更高效率"></a>更高效率</h2>
                <p>当然我们现在运行的是单机爬虫，只在一台电脑上运行速度是有限的，所以后面我们要想提高抓取效率，需要用到分布式爬虫，在这里需要用到Redis来维护一个公共的爬取队列。 更多的分布式爬虫的实现可以查看<a href="https://edu.hellobi.com/course/157" target="_blank" rel="noopener">自己动手，丰衣足食！Python3网络爬虫实战案例</a></p>
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10px;">pywin32</a> <a href="/tags/style/" style="font-size: 10px;">style</a> <a href="/tags/tomcat/" style="font-size: 10px;">tomcat</a> <a href="/tags/ubuntu/" style="font-size: 10px;">ubuntu</a> <a href="/tags/uwsgi/" style="font-size: 10px;">uwsgi</a> <a href="/tags/vsftpd/" style="font-size: 10px;">vsftpd</a> <a href="/tags/wamp/" style="font-size: 10px;">wamp</a> <a href="/tags/wineQQ/" style="font-size: 10px;">wineQQ</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%B8%83%E7%89%9B/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">七牛</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7/" style="font-size: 10px;">上海</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99/" style="font-size: 10px;">个人网站</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98/" style="font-size: 10px;">主题</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BA%91%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81/" style="font-size: 10px;">云产品</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BA%91%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8/" style="font-size: 10px;">云存储</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BA%AC%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">京东云</a> <a 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style="font-size: 10px;">暗时间</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%9D%9C%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">杜兰特</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2/" style="font-size: 10px;">桌面</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%AD%8C%E5%8D%95/" style="font-size: 10px;">歌单</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97/" style="font-size: 10px;">江南</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F/" style="font-size: 10px;">游戏</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%84%A6%E8%99%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">焦虑</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB/" style="font-size: 16.25px;">爬虫</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB%E4%B9%A6%E7%B1%8D/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">爬虫书籍</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F/" style="font-size: 10px;">环境变量</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0/" style="font-size: 10px;">生活笔记</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95/" style="font-size: 10px;">登录</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%8E/" style="font-size: 10px;">知乎</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%9F%AD%E4%BF%A1/" style="font-size: 10px;">短信</a> <a 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